Theories of Communication, Advertising Persuasion

Theories of Communication, Advertising Persuasion Increased market competition, high levels of customer expectations, and the need to attract new customers have compelled organizations to invest large amounts of capital in advertising. In the modern capitalist markets, advertising plays an integral role in creating product awareness. In other words, advertising acts as an informative and persuasive marketing tool.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Communication, Advertising Persuasion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drawing from its definition, advertising can be defined as a promotional tool which enhances communication between the producer and the buyer. Through a communication channel, an advertiser can relay a message to the targeted end receiver. Advertising has the capacity to motivate consumers to buy a particular product or service. There are different ways through which an advertiser can pass a message to the consumers. Some of the media outlets used in advertising include social media networks like twitter and Facebook, TV adverts, print media (newspapers, magazines, journals and catalogs), radio, billboards and sideshows, and commercial displays. Depending on the message being communicated, advertising can attract or push customers away. The objective of the essay is to critically evaluate the role of advertising in the creation of markets, communities and social identities. Moreover, the essay endevours to determine whether advertisements reflect consumer demand for products or whether they aid in the creation of specific subject positions which attract consumers to the products. To analyse these objectives, the Apple brand been adopted. This particular choice is necessary in order to emphasize the role played by advertising. Role of advertising in the creation of markets, communities and social identities Advertising can be described as a form of communication aimed at persuading the targeted audience to purchase a par ticular product or service (Moriarty, Mitchell Wells, 2009a). The major objective of advertising is to inform, persuade and convince a consumer on the benefits of a particular service or product. Advertising enables marketers to realize brand awareness, gain market share and attract potential customers. Based on the above description of advertising, it is important to note that advertising plays an important role in the creation of markets. For instance, advertisements bring about product differentiation which acts as a competitive advantage relative to competitor products (Moriarty et al. 2009). With reference to Apple, the company has managed to create a strong brand through advertising.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through the â€Å"Think Different† campaign carried out in 1990s as well as the â€Å"iPod People† campaign conducted in the 2000s, the com pany has managed to differentiate itself from its competitors. This has been achieved through advertising which has helped to create brand awareness and brand recognition (Armstrong Porter, 2007). Since then, Apple has remained as a strong brand with an established market. Over the years, customers have continued to associate themselves with Apple because they were persuaded by the company’s initial adverts. The adverts helped the company to create brand awareness, and brand recognition. Above all, it led to market differentiation. According to Tellis (2005), past research show that advertising is a powerful promotional tool applied by marketers to create market share. In addition, it is used to target a particular consumer segment in the market. Through advertising, the targeted segment is communicated, persuaded and informed about a given brand and the benefits associated with that particular brand. As a promotional tool, advertising is used as â€Å"an important source o f information that promotes competition† (Armstrong Porter, 2007, p. 1718). As such, organizations use advertising as a way of providing information to potential consumers in a given market segment. Informative content is communicated to the consumer. The communicated message entails the price, the function, or the existence of the product in the market (Armstrong Porter, 2007). Consequently, this stimulates the desire by a consumer to purchase a particular brand such as. For instance, the words â€Å"Think Different† as used by Apple have a strong message towards the consumer as they compel him/her to start thinking differently when contemplating on purchasing Apple products. In addition, since Apple is a strong brand, consumers can associate themselves with that particular brand because of the benefits associated with the use of the product. Organizations use advertising as a way of creating social identities. By social identity, we mean that advertisements have an impact on particular group(s) in the market which shares similar beliefs, values and norms (Zeng, Huang Dou, 2009). Primarily, consumers can identify with a specific group.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Communication, Advertising Persuasion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Morairty et al (2009a), the main goal of an advertising campaign is to reach a large group of individuals interested in a particular product. In addition, the targeted people share the same beliefs, norms and values. With respect to Apple brand, the company used the words â€Å"I’m a Mac, I’m a PC† in the â€Å"Get a Mac† campaign. Through the use of such advertising characters, Apple was able to persuade consumers to purchase their Mac product. The campaign which lasted for four years was able to create social identity. For instance, it made likeminded consumers start believing in Mac inste ad of the ordinary PC. Due to its unique qualities and features, consumers were able to associate with the product. The Mac, which was part of the computer revolution in terms of software and hardware, emerged as a strong brand. This enabled Apple to sell millions of Mac pieces to consumers who shared social identities. For example, Mac Campaign portrayed its products as modern and effective. This helped to differentiate the product from PCs that tend to be time bound. Advertising influences and shapes the beliefs, behaviour and attitudes of consumers towards a particular brand (Morairty et al., 2009a). In addition, adverts motivate, persuade and convinced consumers. Consequently, a consumer is able to develop brand preference and taste. Preferences compel consumers to buy a particular brand. For instances, companies make use of celebrities as part of their promotional campaigns in order change the beliefs, behaviour and attitude of consumers towards a particular brand (Morairty et al., 2009). The celebrities or endorsed personalities have a respected opinion and are highly ranked and respected in the society. In addition, followers of these celebrities and highly respected opinion leaders have an attachment with their fans and followers. For example, the iPod advertising conducted by Apple used dark silhouettes dancing to music. The silhouettes had iPods and were believed to listen to iTunes. The advert featured music celebrities such as Eminem, U2, CSS, and Bob Dylan, among others. In this case, the celebrities shared similar beliefs with the targeted consumers (the value for music). In addition, the celebrities were used to influence the behavior and attitude on consumers towards the iPod. This enabled the company to attract the fans that associate themselves with the celebrities to purchase iPod and belong to the same community or group.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As mentioned in the paragraph above, advertising plays an important role in creating communities. In the context of marketing, a community can be described as a group of persons (consumers) who associate themselves with a particular brand. This kind of grouping shares different beliefs and ideas. According to O’Shaughnessy and Stadler (2008), the media is able to develop ideologies towards the targeted audience or viewer. An ideology is a set of feelings, beliefs, ideas, and social values which represent the way of life of a certain group of people (O’Shaughnessy Stadler, 2008). Advertising acts as a unifying factor which brings people together because they believe in that particular brand (Morairty et al., 2009a). A well promoted brand is able to communicate to the targeted consumers thus creating social identities which hold communities together. With respect to Apple, the â€Å"Switch campaign† was carried in 2002 to create a community of consumers with the same social identities. This was aimed at attracting Microsoft windows users so that they could switch to Mac. The Apple Switch advert managed to create a community that shared the same social identity. Creation of community has been achieved in the current adverts featuring iPhones which target consumer who like innovative and stylish products. Advertisements enable organizations to use commodified celebrities in a bid to attract consumers and influence them in joining some sort of a â€Å"tribe† (Ilmonen, 2004). This makes the associated goods part of our internal social world. According to (Ilmonen, 2004), consumers have the tendency to get attached to products after getting an instant endowment effect. The aim of advertisers is to create a specific meaning for a brand. However, consumers interpret the communicated message in diverse and varied ways (Elliot Wattanasuwan, 1998). Based on personal perceptions, a consumer can create meaning which influences his/her purchasin g patterns and trends. According to the social theory, human beings associate themselves with a particular group, society or culture. Eventually, this becomes a way of life (Wattanasuwan, 2005). In this context, consumers tend to identify themselves with a social group or identity in which they belong. In other words, they develop symbolic consumption which is based on preferences realized through advertising. Therefore, advertising helps to create imagined communities. As noted by Wattanasuwan (2005) we tend to consume different products â€Å"that contribute to the symbolic means of self-identification, through which we align ourselves emotionally with those, sharing our lifestyles† (p.182). This implies that as consumers we tend to identify ourselves with particular produces thus creating self-identification and communities. For example, through the consumption of brand Apple, consumers are able to identify themselves with elite group and gain a sense of belonging. The adv ertisements carried on Mac Campaign to promote Macintosh computers influences and motivates consumers to purchase the products and belong to Macintosh tribe. Therefore, common consumption create a group self (Wattanasuwan, 2005). Advertisements, consumers demand and subject positioning Advertising helps in the development, sustenance and promotion of consumer demand towards the products of an organization. However, advertisement does not reflect consumer demand. This observation has been expounded by Armstrong and Porter (2007), who opines that advertising usually result in shifted consumer demand in preference for the advertised product. In this case, advertising distorts the consumer’s decision making process instead of reflecting the true preferences of the consumer captured in the demand prior advertising. Advertisements are used to persuade consumers to purchase a particular commodity not because they like it but because they have been convinced otherwise. Based on this explanation, it can be noted that advertisements create subject positions through which consumers are invited to purchase a product. For example, Apple used the advertisement â€Å"Why You’ll Love Mac† to differentiate itself from other PC computer brands but not to consumer demand for this particular product. Advertisements enabled Apple to position its Macintosh computers in the market. In addition, advertisements acted as a way of inviting potential consumers to purchase the product. Powell, Hardy, Hawkin and MacRury (2009) add that advertisements are carried out with a view to reaching out to new market segments. This is aimed at attracting customers. This means that instead of reflecting the demand of customers, advertisements are designed to invite new customers. For example, iTunes and iPods advertisements were intended to attract the young urban population. Advertising is used to create brand awareness and develop a reputation for a particular brand in a given pool of consumers. According to Morairty et al. (2009), advertisements are used to influence consumer behaviour and attitude. In addition, they assist in positioning an organization, idea, service or a product with the objective of building a strong brand. In other words, advertising is a mode of communication used in marketing to reach consumers and influence their purchasing behaviours and make informed choices needed for decision making. For example, Apple uses its advertisements while launching products with the aim of influencing consumers’ purchasing patterns and behaviours. This motivates customers to change their preferences and purchase iPhones instead of buying competitor products like the Samsung Galaxy. By creating brand awareness and brand equity, advertisements help to position a product in the market and invite the targeted groups. Armstrong and Porter (2007) note that advertisements are persuasive and informative in nature and influence the decision making of a buyer towards the purchase of a product. For instance, when advertisements provide information on the price and quality of a product, this is an opportunity for the customer to compare different brands and make the ultimate choice to purchase a certain product. Conclusion Based on the analysis, advertising is a promotional tool used in marketing to create markets, communities, and social identities. Advertising is also used to create brand awareness and persuade consumers to purchase a product or service. Consequently, this creates a market for a specific brand. Through brand differentiation, advertising assist in creating a market share, communities and social identities. Brand awareness and brand recognitions drive consumers to develop the need to be associated with a particular group or community. People with similar beliefs and norms are persuaded through advertising to buy a given product or service. This helps to mould brand preferences. By endorsing celebrities or personali ties companies develop consumer attachment to a given brand, thereby creating a community or group with shared beliefs. Advertising is a unifying factor which brings like-minded people together through product purchase. For example, the Apple brand has over the years been used to develop the Mac tribe or society. Owing to advertisements, consumers tend to identify themselves with a certain brand, thus creating a group or community. Advertisements do not reflect consumer demand but are indicative of the positioning of a product in the market. They are used to persuade and influence consumers’ purchasing behaviour, patterns and decision making process. They are used to develop brand reputation which changes the demands and preferences of customers. Reference List Armstrong, M., Porter, R. (2007). Handbook of industrial organization: Amsterdam: Elsevier. Elliot, R., Wattanasuwan, K. (1998). Brands as symbolic resources for the construction of identity. International Journal of Advertising, 17(2), 1-8. Ilmonen, K. (2004). The use of and commitment to goods. Journal of Consumer Culture, 4(1): 27–50. Moriarty, S. E., Mitchell, N., Wells, W. (2009). Brands and advertising contribution. In Moriarty, S. E et al, Advertising: Principles practice (102-113). New Jersey, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. Moriarty, S. E., Mitchell, N., Wells, W. (2009a). Introduction to advertising. In Moriarty, S. E et al, Advertising: Principles practice (2-13). New Jersey, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. O’Shaughnessy, M., Stadler, J. (2008). Media and the society: Defining discourse and ideology. Australia and New Zealand, NZ: Oxford University Press. Powell, H., Hardy, J., Hawkin, S., MacRury, I. (2009). The advertising handbook. New York, NY: Routledge. Tellis, G. J. (2005). Advertising’s role in capitalist markets: What do we know and where do we go from here?. Journal of Advertising Research, 45(2), 1-9. Wattanasuwan, K. (2005). The self and symbolic consum ption. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. 179-184. Zeng, F., Huang, L., Dou, W. (2009). Social factors in user perceptions and responses to advertising in online social networking communities. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10(1), 121-130.

1. What is Social Contract Theory and what are its strengths and Essay

1. What is Social Contract Theory and what are its strengths and weaknesses - Essay Example The social contract theory suggests that men being self interested can dominate his will in a civic society and hence a contract can avail justice. The social contract theory emphasis on the origin of the society. Social contract theory is a concept theory which is used in political science, sociology and philosophy. It is an implicit agreement between the state and citizens of the country to stay within the society without violating the contract. Social contract theory relies on an anthropological conception that man is either â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil†. The most famous philosophers of social contract theory are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean – Jacques Rousseau. It is a theory which has its ground on democracy. According to this theory, the people abide by law to live in peace and harmony in a society. Social contract theory is a philosophical idea which propagates maintenance of society and law. According to this theory people in a state abide by a contract to agree upon laws and rules to live in a society. Usually it is a government which will enforce these laws in a society or state. The theory suggests that if someone violates the rules then he will punish. This contract theory can be changed if the people believe that the law needs a change. Social contract theory implies that without it the society will be in chaos and people would act according to their wishes and desires. For example, in case of natural disaster like flood or hurricane people would do whatever they like as no one is there to enforce law in a confused situation. The society need a contractual obligation which makes the responsible towards their action in the society and the social contract theory advocates it. Social contract theory explains that for a secured society a contract is necessary between citizens and state. Since men are born free, he has a tendency to violate natural laws and create conflicts and brutalities in a

Swallowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Swallowing - Essay Example It is anticipated that this review will contribute to the self-learning of the author, as well as extending on insights and understandings of dsyphagia within the literature at this present time. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It is very important in swallowing due to its afferent control of general sensation to the face, teeth, gum, muscles of mastication and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). Its efferent control is of the muscles for mastication. Innervating the tensor velar palatine, the trigeminal is partly responsible for the flattening and tensing of the soft palate. Innervations of the extrinsic laryngeal muscle results in the nerve's support for the upward and anterior movements of larynx. The facial nerve's main function is its motor portion; although, its afferent portion is involved in taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). It provides motor innervations to the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands. More specifically, it is involved in swallowing by regulating the lip sphincter and the buccal muscles, which allows food to be held inside the mouth and also assists in pulling the larynx up and back. The glossopharyngeal (GPN) is composed of the lingual branch of the GPN (GPN-li) and the GPN-ph. Its sensory portion transits inputs from the posterior third of the tongue, the velum and the pharynx, which includes the tonsils (Miller, 2006). The glossopharygeal nerve gathers sensation from the fauces, the palatine tonsil, upper pharynx, and the back third of the tongue. Sensory fibers carry taste information from the posterior one third of the tongue. Afferent input is received from receptors located in the larynx and these are carried primarily to the superior laryngeal nerve, also known as the cough center of the medulla. The motor portion communicates outputs to the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle and also innervates the stylopharyngeal muscle, which, together with the palatopharyngeus muscle (X nerve), elevates the palate. The stylopharyngeus muscle dilates the pharynx laterally and contributes to the elevation of pharynx and larynx. Vagus (X)The vagus nerve (X) is the most dominant cranial nerve during the swallowing process. The vagus nerve is the major efferent for the pharyngeal constrictors and is the major afferent for the middle and inferior portions of pharynx (Miller, 2006). It supplies also main efferent innervations to the palatal muscles. Branches of the vagus nerve attach to muscles of the larynx and pharynx. It is also known as the nucleus ambiguous, and it innervates branchial arch muscles of the pharynx and larynx as well as the muscles of the upper esophagus and uvula. Branches also extend to the, glossopalantine, levator veli palatine and the palatoglossus muscles making it primarily responsible for palatal functioning. One of the motor nuclei transmits motor output to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and in this way can completely control the intrinsic musculature of the larynx. Moreover, taste buds on the root of the tongue and on the epiglottis contribute special visceral afferent fibers t o the superior laryngeal branch. General visceral afferent fibers convey sensation from the lower pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus. Together with the

Drug Dealer Liability Act Essay Example for Free

Drug Dealer Liability Act Essay Legislatures are passing a unique new statute that provides redress for those injured by illegal drugs. This new law has greatest impact on drug-crime relationship for the reason that, known as the Model Drug Dealer Liability Act (DDLA), makes drug dealers civilly liable to those injured by a driver under the influence of drugs, families who lose a child to illegal drugs and others injured by illegal drugs. It is essentially a products liability act for illegal drugs. According to Kevin G. Meeks (1998) that Michigan, Oklahoma, Illinois, Hawaii, Arkansas, California, South Dakota, Utah, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Colorado, South Carolina and the U. S. Virgin Islands have passed the Model Drug Dealer Liability Act. Existing law in the remaining 37 states does not clearly establish a means by which drug dealers can be made to pay damages for the injuries they cause. The Drug Dealer Liability Act fills that void. The first lawsuit brought under the Act resulted in a judgment on July 21, 1995 of $1 million in favor of a drug baby and more than $7 million to the city of Detroit’s expenses for providing drug treatment to inmates in Detroit jails. Two Detroit dealers were ordered to pay the damages to the drug baby’s siblings because the baby was born addicted to cocaine and was later bludgeoned to death by her mother while high on drugs. In Utah, the wife of a drug-using professional brought a Drug Dealer Liability Act case against her husband’s dealer of six years. The defendant in that case settled after losing his pretrial challenges to the Drug Dealer Liability Act. In South Dakota in April 2000 a jury returned a verdict under South Dakota’s Drug Dealer Liability Act in the amount of $268 Million in favor of a woman whose husband was killed in a head on collision with a driver under the influence of drugs. The defendant was not the driver of the car but the dealer who supplied drugs to the driver. Clinton W. Taylor (1999) said that the Drug Dealer Liability Act offers an added new approach to illegal drugs. Since it would be impossible to identify each person in a chain of illegal drug distribution, the Act establishes a form of â€Å"market liability† so a plaintiff need only prove that a defendant was distributing illegal drugs in the community of the user who caused the plaintiff’s injuries, that the distributor was distributing the same type of drug used by the user and that the defendant’s distribution in that community was during the period of time that the user was using. The plaintiff need not prove that the drug user received a specific defendant’s illegal drugs. Cases can be brought by guardians of drug babies, those injured by a drugged driver, families of adolescent users, employers and public hospitals that pay for treatment of drug babies and others. The principles of â€Å"market liability† or â€Å"market-share liability† in existing case law allow civil recovery from manufacturers of hazardous materials for injury caused by those materials that affect health, even if the source of the particular product that caused injury cannot be identified. The cases involving the pharmaceutical DES are examples. The DDLA is a legislatively created form of â€Å"market liability† to cause illegal drug dealers to pay damages for the injuries caused by their illegal drugs. According to Mark Hansen (1996) that the Act permits parents of children in drug treatment, those injured by drugged drivers, state and county public agencies that pay for drug treatment and/or illegal drug related medical care, hospitals caring for drug babies, insurers, employers and others who are injured because of illegal drugs to recover in a civil action any assets in the hands of drug dealers who have distributed drugs in their communities. Existing federal and state drug forfeiture laws require that the money seized from convicted drug dealers be returned to them unless it is directly connected to their drug crimes. In contrast, a dealer’s assets, income and future inheritance or other income are subject to payment to the plaintiff who successfully brings a lawsuit under the Drug Dealer Liability Act. As with any other civil tort liability, those assets do not have to be forfeitable in order for them to be recovered by a successful plaintiff. The Drug Dealer Liability Act is the first law of its kind to hold dealers who intentionally distribute illegal drugs liable for the injury they cause. It has received national attention on Larry King Live television program, CNN and the Wall Street Journal. The Act promises a new avenue for those who have suffered because of the sale of illegal drugs in their communities who just â€Å"don’t want to take it anymore! † The problem of illegal drugs merits attack from every source and with every available tool. The civil justice system is a powerful weapon. The approach outlined in the Drug Dealer Liability Act relies on the foundation of traditional tort law in a constrained and reasonable way to aim this weapon at one of the greatest challenges our society faces. The Act establishes reasonable limitations to balance the removal of practical obstacles to bringing a suit relying solely on traditional tort law. By enacting a specific cause of action against those who participate in the illegal drug market, the Drug Dealer Liability Act can work in tandem with the criminal justice system and drug education programs to help achieve drug free communities. Reference Kevin G. Meeks, Georgia Law Review, Fall, (1998), Note: FROM SINDELL TO STREET PUSHERS: IMPOSING MARKET SHARE TORT LIABILITY ON ILLEGAL DRUG DEALERS. Clinton W. Taylor, Oklahoma Law Review, Summer, (1999), THE OKLAHOMA DRUG DEALER LIABILITY ACT: A CIVIL REMEDY FOR A VICTIMLESS CRIME. Mark Hansen, (Dec. 1996) Just Say See You in Court: Drug Users Can Seek Dealers Cash Under New Liability Laws, A. B. A. J. , at 30.

Cathedral of Marble Strands :: Creative Writing Examples

   Cathedral of Marble Strands    Richard Stewart lay stretched out on the cool stone. His handsome, youthful face was relaxed into a slight smile, eyes closed lazily. Richard's hand played unconsciously with his long black hair lying on the reddish surface . . . "Four slices of lemon . . . four cubes of sugar. . . and a straw," thought Richard, and pictured the glass in his mind. Without opening his eyes, he reached out and felt it in his hand. It was cool, and the droplets that condensed from the morning mist made it slippery. He raised his head off the ground and brought the straw to his lips. He took a long, slow draft, letting the taste settle in. It was slightly too sour to be perfect, but Richard didn't mind. One day he would discover the ultimate lemonade, but he was in no hurry. He lay there drinking it for a long time. Lemonade doesn't have to run out in heaven. Richard lay on a narrow ledge about five hundred feet up the face of a cliff. Above him, just under the low hanging clouds, a pair of eagles circled, wings motionless. Beneath, a green valley lay shrouded in the morning fog. The clouds concealed the sun and gave the valley the cool gray feel Richard wanted. Near the foot of the cliff, the valley was grassy, with an occasional shrub clinging to the rocky soil here and there. Blue flowers growing in sparse islands shone dimly where the easy wind blew away patches of fog. A wide stream slid from around the base of the cliff. It began somewhere in the mountains behind Richard and disappeared in the denser fog at the deeper part of the valley. There, where not even the tops of the trees were visible, an airy structure of white marble stretched its spires almost as high as the cliff Richard lay on. Four great arches rose, flanked a spiderweb of smaller ones, and met in a cluster of domes, towers and spires. Richard liked to call it the Cat hedral. Beyond, the valley lost itself where the whiteness of the sky met the fog on the ground. Richard stretched the hand that held the glass of lemonade over the edge and let it slip away. He listened for it's fall, but it went too far down to hear. He relaxed his mind, waiting for some idea to come to him.

Differentiate between grievance and discipline Essay

Organization’s effectiveness is based on its culture and management practice structure that lead towards maintaining the harmony of organizational performance and regulating the behavior and attitude of its employees. Managers are required to maintain the workplace environment through identifying the potential weak areas that lead towards in-disciplinary behaviors of employees. Discipline at workplace helps control and normalize the behavior of employees through various procedures. Company may use strict disciplinary actions to make employees conform their actions to the expectations of management or may go for group norm pressure to standardize employees’ behavior. Manager’s role is critical in such situation as it places great responsibility on him for leading the employees for subsequent higher performance. Manager may exercise strict rules to align the behavior of employees that are accompanied by penalties/punishment sanctions on employees. Corporate culture understanding needs to clearly convey towards employees for productive group behavior. However, it has been observed that sometimes strict discipline also leads towards lower performance affecting the organizational effectiveness. Inequality among employees concerning rewards and treatment b management result in great dissatisfaction; discipline actions when over exhibited on some people, it lead towards discriminatory behavior. Grievance is therefore a mechanism to present the viewpoint to senior management concerning the inequality and inappropriateness of disciplinary actions of organization. Discipline is thus a set of actions to regulate and standardize the employee attitude & behavior, whereas grievance is a procedure to report the injustice and inequality being faced by employees to higher decision making authority. Organizational justice framework is based on these two components that enable managers to figure out the sources that lead towards grievance in employees. Discipline helps organizations maintain the harmony and effectiveness of workplace environment; rules, policies and standard procedures enables regulate the employee behavior and maintain organization culture. Inequality in organizational culture and inability of management to provide diverse workplace environment either due to stereotypical response towards a particular group or restricting the decisions only to a particular group referring to nepotism. Incompetence of organizational framework to manage the situations and employees behavior results in discrimination and group based structure in employees for the protection of their rights. Union based culture is more common in government managed organization where employees have joined separate unions for the protection of their workplace rights. Discipline requires adjustments in rules and workplace policies addressing the dimensional aspects of negligence, employee safety, incompetency, rights protection, workplace norms, and organizational culture expectations. Rules relating to employee behavior, punishment and penalties, warnings, and other organizational aspects present a clear expectation to employees related to workplace environment and operational management style. Induction of rules is necessary to be conveyed to new comers in organization so that procedural mechanism becomes clear related to employee actions, group norms, and managerial actions pertaining to employee behavior. Managers must provide employees clear insight about the work setting and organizational culture through their actions and responses towards managing the equality at workplace. Stereotypical responses by employees, and group formation based on race/ethnic rights protection in workplace that are depicted as discrimination in employee treatment, rewards and pay scale offering, and career growth opportunities restrictions to a particular group result in job dissatisfaction and reduction in organizational commitment. In such case, if an employee wants to present his viewpoints concerning inequality at workplace manager must assess the situation sensitivity and factors that lead towards grievance filing. Senior management must form a clear objective grievance channel in order to address such issues raised in organization. Management must place emphasis on fairness of decision by providing equal representation rights to employees. Procedural steps for grievance hearing and decisions must be limited to certain extent of hierarchy for increasing the response time to resolve grievance issues. Senior management can form a committee addressing grievance issues of employee having representation of lower level manager and at least one member representation from senior management holding decision making power. This leads towards maintaining organization justice and shows effectiveness of organizations structure for formalizing the framework. This way, discipline and grievance in combine are very essential component of strategic organization’s framework for justice. Manager need to maintain the discipline of employee and must equalize the grievance procedure to maintain the organizational effectiveness by providing equal opportunity to all employees to report any factors that lead towards job dissatisfaction. Complaint filing procedure formalization simplifies the ambiguity concerning the management perspective and ability of employees to report any injustice. Manipulation of rules and disciplinary actions restrict the opportunities for equality at workplace. Biased behavior results in violating the principles of flexibility and freedom of voice representation by employees. Formalizing the rules and written policy procedure strengthen the discipline at workplace that supports the organizational justice framework. Grievance procedural steps must be defined in policy structure to reduce ambiguity and providing employees opportunity to exercise their rights in situation when the confront discrimination at workplace; manager must provide support in assessing the factors viability and prospective role to minimize the arousal of such grievance factor again.

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1948 Words

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals whose brain development is outside of the norm. ASD is a complex disorder and each individual that suffers from has a unique set of conditions. The symptoms of individuals with ASD vary in severity. That is, the disorder is characterized, in varying degrees, based on how difficult social interactions and communicating are for the person. Before, all types of autism were considered as distinct and subtypes of autism. Each type of autism was termed as a unique disorder. For example, there was Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger syndrome etc.†¦ (Autism Speaks, 2016). However, the DSM-5 diagnostic manual merged all degrees of autism disorders into†¦show more content†¦In an investigation, completed by Takahashi et al. (2016), MEG was used to measure signal variation during free watching of videos, without sound, in younger and older children with ASD and without ASD. The childre n were in the age group where neural network maturation is critical. Results from their study revealed an expected age-related increase of brain signal variability children that weren’t on the autism spectrum, whereas atypical age-related brain signals were observed in the ASD group. Additionally, brain signals deviated from the norm a lot more in children with ASD, particularly for younger children. These results are in line with a recently reported theory of increased brain signal variability during development and abnormal neural connectivity in persons with ASD, especially during early childhood (Takahashi et al., 2016). Additionally, these deviations of brain signaling and neural connectivity from the norm the basis of the numerous complex sign and symptoms that is associated with ASD. Considering Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, parents and caregivers can detect signs of autism very early on in children by monitoring their children’s developmental milestones. According to Autism Speaks Canada (2016), some red flags that may be indicative of children being at risk for an autism spectrum disorder